Question

10. ORIGINAL INTERNET ANSWERS: (1) The gene known to code for insulin is excised or cut from the chromosomal DNA with a restriction enzyme. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at sequence- specific points.
A bacterial plasmid is taken and cut with the same restriction enzyme. After a "chunk" is taken out of the circular plasmid, the DNA that was taken out earlier is ligated or joined with the plasmid and it fills in the chunk that was missing in the plasmid.
This plasmid is transfected into a bacteria (I believe it's E coli but I could be mistaken) and the plasmids begin to replicate in the bacteria at the same time bacteria themselves are replicating, so that there are many numbers of these plasmids being made. So the bacteria are producing the insulin peptides via their own protein forming machinery.
Recombinant DNA can be used to express something from one organism in another one because the bacterial plasmid vectors, carrying the DNA segment of interest, are used as vectors to express a gene taken from something and put into another living thing, like a bacteria or a mammalian cell.


(2) Second question first: you can express the gene of one organism in another one because the translation from DNA to protein is the same in all organisms. For the same nucleotide sequence, you will get the same amino acid sequence in your protein. There are some epigenetic differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes (this means, the DNA is modified differently in the organisms). But you can avoid that. Now, to your question: We use the bacterium e.coli to synthesize recombinant insulin. Recombinant means: the protein has additional "tags" that help us purify it. Now, we CUT out the DNA sequence of insulin from human DNA and INSERT it into a gene ferry that controls the expression of the protein. This gene ferry is a circular strand of DNA, initially made from viral DNA, that now serves us. We put the gene ferry into the e.coli (process known as transfection) and wait for it to synthesize all the protein. We then destroy the bacteria and get a protein solution. We then wash everything else away and yeehaw, there is our protein.


SUBMITTED ANSWER: The gene that codes for insulin is cut from the human DNA. A bacterial plasmid is taken and cut. After a "chunk" is taken out of the plasmid, the DNA that was taken out earlier is ligated or joined with the plasmid and it fills in the chunk that was missing in the plasmid. Recombinant DNA means: we CUT out the DNA sequence of insulin from human DNA and INSERT it into a gene ferry that controls the expression of the protein. This gene ferry is a circular strand of DNA, initially made from viral DNA, that now serves us. We put the gene ferry into the e.coli. You can express the gene of one organism in another one because the translation from DNA to protein is the same in all organisms. For the same nucleotide sequence, you will get the same amino acid sequence in your protein.

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