Read the passage.

Music and the Brain

From the beginning of recorded history, music has been created and enjoyed by people. Even early man carved flutes from bones. Thomas Jefferson was known to play his violin to help him formulate the most effective word choices as he wrote the Declaration of Independence. Albert Einstein, considered one of the most intelligent men who ever lived, also played the violin. He was said to have figured out his most challenging mathematical formulas by playing his violin. Today scientists are discovering that the study of music, playing an instrument, or participating through singing can actually help develop our brains. No wonder Einstein and Jefferson, among many, found music helpful in problem solving.

There was a time in America’s history when music was a centerpiece of family life. There were no televisions, radios, or other forms of electronic entertainment. Social life often involved someone playing the piano or another instrument while guests sang along or listened for enjoyment. Therefore, if parents could afford the opportunity, their children were encouraged to learn how to play an instrument. Taking music lessons did not mean a child was expected to become a professional musician. However, it usually meant the kids learned the daily discipline of practice.

Recent brain research has shown some surprising benefits as a result of formal musical training. Learning to play a musical instrument appears to develop parts of the brain that can even influence academic results. The studies indicate that the earlier a child begins training, the more benefits there are. One such study showed that children who began musical studies before the age of seven had a more developed brain in the region where language production and auditory processing take place. Scientists believe there is mounting evidence to show that early musical training can improve brain function.

A research team from Northwestern University observed that to achieve the positive brain development from musical training, music students had to be active participants. There were differences found between the kids who attended a more passive music appreciation class, and the ones who learned to play instruments. It was the active production of music that rewired the brain. Using electrodes on the students’ heads, scientists were able to see how actively the brain responded when students generated music.

In paragraph 3, how does the phrase "the region where language production and auditory processing take place" affect the passage?

It establishes an optimistic tone in the passage.
It creates a critical tone in the passage.
It develops the passage's reflective tone.
It helps give the passage its scholarly tone.

Question

Read the passage.

Music and the Brain

From the beginning of recorded history, music has been created and enjoyed by people. Even early man carved flutes from bones. Thomas Jefferson was known to play his violin to help him formulate the most effective word choices as he wrote the Declaration of Independence. Albert Einstein, considered one of the most intelligent men who ever lived, also played the violin. He was said to have figured out his most challenging mathematical formulas by playing his violin. Today scientists are discovering that the study of music, playing an instrument, or participating through singing can actually help develop our brains. No wonder Einstein and Jefferson, among many, found music helpful in problem solving.

There was a time in America’s history when music was a centerpiece of family life. There were no televisions, radios, or other forms of electronic entertainment. Social life often involved someone playing the piano or another instrument while guests sang along or listened for enjoyment. Therefore, if parents could afford the opportunity, their children were encouraged to learn how to play an instrument. Taking music lessons did not mean a child was expected to become a professional musician. However, it usually meant the kids learned the daily discipline of practice.

Recent brain research has shown some surprising benefits as a result of formal musical training. Learning to play a musical instrument appears to develop parts of the brain that can even influence academic results. The studies indicate that the earlier a child begins training, the more benefits there are. One such study showed that children who began musical studies before the age of seven had a more developed brain in the region where language production and auditory processing take place. Scientists believe there is mounting evidence to show that early musical training can improve brain function.

A research team from Northwestern University observed that to achieve the positive brain development from musical training, music students had to be active participants. There were differences found between the kids who attended a more passive music appreciation class, and the ones who learned to play instruments. It was the active production of music that rewired the brain. Using electrodes on the students’ heads, scientists were able to see how actively the brain responded when students generated music.

In paragraph 3, how does the phrase "the region where language production and auditory processing take place" affect the passage?

It establishes an optimistic tone in the passage.
 It creates a critical tone in the passage.
 It develops the passage's reflective tone.
 It helps give the passage its scholarly tone.