Question

World History
How were the three Indus Valley civilizations different? Think about geography, culture, and economies.

Please do not copy off of other websites(brainly, etc..)

Answer 1

Book:

Around one hundred years ago, archaeologists were digging in the Indus River valley of Pakistan. They came across remains. They found bricks, small clay seals, figurines, and other artifacts. They looked different than remains people had seen before. It became clear that the things they found were from a new civilization. They had found a civilization that no one had known existed! This civilization, named Harappa, was from about 4,500 years ago.

Why had no one known about this civilization? One reason was the geography of the Indus River valley. The Indus River valley is in South Asia. It is also called the Indian subcontinent. Great mountain ranges are located nearby – the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas. These mountains are tall and difficult to cross. They act as a barrier to people coming into the Indus Valley. Travelers and invaders had to pass through steep passes or cross snowy peaks. Although these mountains didn’t keep everyone away, they did make the Indus River valley, and its civilizations, difficult to find for outsiders. The mountains also limited contact between Harappa and other lands. This allowed the culture in Harappa and other civilizations in this area to develop on its own, without outside influences.

Another characteristic that shaped the Indus River Valley was its monsoons. Monsoons are seasonal winds that blow at certain times of the year. The winter monsoon winds are hot and dry. In the summer, the monsoons are moist and bring rain. Heavy rains sometimes make terrible floods. These winds shape daily life for people living in the region, past and present. They also are another reason why archaeologists know less about Indus River valley civilizations than about other ancient civilizations. Due to the harsh weather and flooding, many remains were destroyed or washed away.

Archaeologists discovered the remains of the city of Harappa in the 1920s. Shortly after that, they discovered the remains of another city in the same region, Mohenjo-Daro. Scientists believe the two cities may have ruled the area together, or one after the other. They thrived at around 2500 BC.

Both Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were busy cities. They had citadels, for protection from both enemy invasions and floods. The bricks used to build these structures were fired in a kiln, not sun-dried as in Mesopotamia. Structures built with kiln-fired bricks were more durable and resistant to erosion. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro also had large community granaries. This means that many people in the civilizations were farmers. They grew crops such as wheat, barley, melons, and dates. Some people, however, were artisans. They worked in copper, bronze, ivory, and wood. The residents of the ancient Indus River valley were the first people known to make cotton cloth. Still other people were traders. They traded with people as far away as Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Archaeologists believe the governments of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were strong and well-organized. Why do they think this? Because the civilizations’ ruins reveal that the cities were carefully constructed. Buildings were spaced evenly and made of uniform bricks. Everything was measured precisely. There was even a sewer system. Strong governments had to have planned and carried out these projects.

The early residents of the Indus Valley were educated and religious people. They developed their own system of writing. The writing was done on small clay seals. However, the writing shows no similarity to the cuneiform used by the Mesopotamians. Writing and images on these clay seals, as well as statues and other remains, have provided clues to the religious ideas of these ancient peoples. Indus Valley residents were polytheists, like the people of Mesopotamia and Egypt. They worshipped a mother goddess. She represented creation. The buffalo and bull were sacred, too. These early beliefs may have caused later people to treat animals like cattle as special. Graves of ancient Indus Valley people were filled with offerings like food and weapons. This suggests that the people believed in an afterlife where a dead person might need these objects.

The Indus Valley cultures of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro thrived for more than 600 years. By 1900 BC, though, things had changed. Pottery was now crude instead of well-made. People did not use writing any longer. By 1600, Mohenjo-Daro was abandoned. The populations of other Indus cities also fell. No one knows for certain what caused this. Some think the residents may have fled because of invaders. The remains of mud found in the streets hint that a great flood may have destroyed them. Another natural disaster, such as an earthquake, also may have occurred.

Just as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were declining (between 2000 BC and 1500 BC), another group of settlers arrived in the Indus River valley. These settlers were nomads from Central Asia, who traveled to northwestern India. They brought their cattle and horses with them. They spoke an Indo-European language which would eventually mix with the native languages of the region.

When they intermarried with the local people, they began to call themselves Aryans. Most of what we know about the Aryans comes from the Vedas, a collection of hymns, spells, and religious teachings. These were memorized by the priests for a thousand years before they were written down.

The Vedas describe the Aryans as warriors who used chariots and iron weapons. They considered cows sacred. Over time, they gave up life as nomads and became farmers instead, like the people of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. They also bred cattle. The Aryans were led by chiefs called rajahs. Rajahs were elected by a group of warriors. They got advice from a council of elders made from the heads of families. The Aryans were religious and, like other Indus River valley people, polytheists. The Aryans had new, different ideas about which gods to worship and how people should live, however. The religion of Hinduism began with the Aryans. The caste system, which is related to Hindu beliefs, also began with the Aryans. In the caste system, the Aryans divided their society into four groups based on jobs. Those who did not fall into one of the four groups were considered outcasts and were known as “untouchables”. Everyone had to stay in the group into which they were born. This was different from the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro cultures. In those cultures, social standing was not solely based on a job, and people were freer to switch their jobs.

The people of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and the Aryans are not the only known people of ancient India. A group called the Dravidians also lived in southern India. The Dravidians lived in an area known as the Deccan. The Deccan is a plateau in the south. Around it are low-lying mountains. These mountains are called the Eastern and Western Ghats. Few people live in certain parts of the Deccan. This is because these parts are arid and therefore difficult to survive in. The Dravidians stayed in sections that were easier to live in and which had farmable land.

The Dravidians lived in southern India before the Aryans came to the Indus River valley. It is thought that their civilization started before Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Dravidians had their own language. They were tolerant of many different types of religion. Eventually, faiths including Hinduism and Buddhism thrived under Deccan rulers.

Remember that the Aryans first migrated to the Indus River Valley around 2000 BC. The language, religious beliefs, and social customs of the Aryans influenced the people of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. For example, many of the Harappans learned about Hindu beliefs and the caste system. The customs of the Harappans also influenced the Aryans. For example, the nomadic Aryans started settling, farming, and becoming artisans.

Between 1500 BC and 500 BC, the Aryans migrated across the Indian subcontinent. They took control of many towns and cities along the way. Soon, they controlled most of India, including southern areas where the Dravidians lived. Once again, cultures, beliefs, and languages blended.

At the same time, the Aryans’ influence set the stage for two major developments in India. One was a new religion, Buddhism. The second was the establishment of the first Indian Empire by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 BC.

Answer 2

This is the book

Answer 3

May I ask what Civilization this is?

Answer 4

I cannot help you if you do not give me answers.

Answer 5

uh i do not really understand your question

Answer 6

What civilizations are you learning about?

Answer 7

Indus Valley

Answer 8

Okay is that the only one-?

Answer 9

The Harappan, Mohenjo-daro, and Lothal civilizations, which were located in the Indus Valley region during the Bronze Age, had similarities but also differences in terms of geography, culture, and economies. The Harappan civilization was primarily in northwestern regions, known for its urban planning, while Mohenjo-daro was located in the lower Indus Valley and known for its craft production. Lothal, a coastal city, had a maritime economy. Despite sharing some similarities, these civilizations had unique characteristics that reflected their geographical locations, cultural practices, and economic activities. These differences highlight the diverse nature of ancient civilizations and their adaptations to their environments.

Answer 10

I HOPE THIS HELPED, SORRY I FORGOT TO SEND IT

Answer 11

no there is 3

Answer 12

I forgot all the civilizations

Answer 13

hm

Answer 14

Please find that out before I continue, I do not want to give you the incorrect answer.

Answer 15

uh ok wait a second

Answer 16

The Indus Valley Civilization is often separated into three phases: the Early Harappan Phase from 3300 to 2600 BCE, the Mature Harappan Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and the Late Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE.

Answer 17

Okay.

Answer 18

The Indus Valley civilization was primarily urban in nature, was essentially rural in nature and there were no mummies, no emperors, and no violent wars.

Answer 19

so that is the answer???

Answer 20

Yes. Is this a written answer for you?

Answer 21

ya thanks

Answer 22

I gave you a medal

Answer 23

Thank you

Answer 24

your welcome, it's me that should be thanking you, you helped me so much, by the way, can you help me with 3 more questions?

Answer 25

Woah! Can this wait until i get home?

Answer 26

uh what you mean"

Answer 27

aren't you home now?

Answer 28

The passage describes the three Indus Valley civilizations - Harappa, Cemetery H Culture, and Gandhara Grave Culture - and their differences in terms of geography, culture, and economies. The passage explains how the geography of the Indus River valley, including the nearby mountain ranges and seasonal monsoons, made it difficult for outsiders to discover the civilizations and contributed to the limited contact between them and other lands. The civilizations were characterized by sophisticated urban cultures, including a writing system and standardized weights and measures. They had well-organized governments and thriving economies based on agriculture, trade, and manufacturing. The passage also describes the arrival of the nomadic Aryans, who brought their cattle and horses, spoke an Indo-European language, and eventually settled in the Indus River valley as farmers. The Aryans led by rajahs, developed the caste system and established Hinduism as a religion. The passage also mentions the Dravidians who lived in southern India before the Aryans and had their own language and tolerant attitude toward many different religions. Finally, the passage explains how the Aryans' influence contributed to the blending of cultures, beliefs, and languages in India and set the stage for the development of Buddhism and the establishment of the first Indian Empire.